Compensatory mechanisms include (a) Frank Starling's law(b) sympathetic overac-tivity (due to barofectptor

to The need. Compensatory mechanisms include (a) Frank Starling's law(b) sympathetic overac-tivity (due to barofectptor and othar reflexes) Pump failure is aggravated because of the operation of Laplace's law (iii) The murmurs of valvular disease, logically, can occur even it the critical value of Reynold's number is not execeaded. although exercising the patient increase? the propensity of turbulence and murmur (iv) Common sites of heart blocks are AVN, bundle branch (right/left) Sick sinus syndrome affects the SAN. (v) Atrinal fibrillation is a chronic condition where as ventricular fibrillation usually kills instantaneously Functional anatomy the lymphatic channels are present in every tissue, excepting the central nervous system and cornea. The lymph channels start as blind capillaries lined by single layer of endothelium but no basement membrane. In these blind capillaries tissue fluid and some protein molecules enter fromthe tissue But these fluid and protein molecules, once they enterthese channels, cannot leave Them These vessels then dram into bigger vessels which are fewer in number, which in turn, open into still bigger (and still fewer in number) vessels Ultimately all lymphatic fluid opens into right and left subclavian veins respectively Thus the fluid and the protein of the tissue fluid are returned to the blood. On its way The lymphatic channels are interrupted by lymph nodes On approaching a lymph node, a lymph channel breaks up into several afferent channels, all of which enter the lymph nodes From the lymph node one (or sometimes more) single channel, called efferent channel, draining; the lymph node, emerges and continues onward. The lymph node adds lymphocytes and antibodies to the flowing lymph Therefore,these lymphocytes and antibodies eventually enter the blood in the aubclavian veins. The lymphatic channels contain valves which ensure a unidirectional flow Formation of the lymph From the capillaries of the arterioal system, the fluid in tries to come out but is opposed by the proteins of plasma as discussed earlier, in connection with the Starling's hypothesis (fig. 1. 1 .9.] .There, it was presumed that no protein can come out of the capillary blood vessel to the tissues. But the statement was not fully accurate A little plasma proteins can and do leave the blood capillaries These form the proteins of the lymph (for details, see "movemenls of large molecules", in micro circulation, chap 10, sec. V). Question arises if this be the truth, the concentration of lymph fluid protein should have been low But the lymph fluid sometimes contain good amount of protein How? The answer may be that because of the fact that during the return of tissue fluid to the venous end of the capillaries, these proteins are debarred to enter the blood capillaries [because of the relative impermeability of the capillary wall to the proteins). Thus, although the exit of proteins from the capillaries is only in traces, these proteins tend to accumulate mthe tissues. Therefore, the concentration of protein in the tissue fluid rises and The concentrated protein ultimately returns to the lymph vessels Functions o) the lymph 1. Plasm