Which Web Hosting Service suits to your organization?

Web Hosting Service is provided by Web Hosting Company to their clients that help in hosting your website on the internet. When you have projected your web pages then you have to choose a Web Hosting Service provider that provides services as per your requirements. Goodwill of any web site depends upon the Web Hosting Service that is provided by Web Hosting Company. If Web Hosting Company is providing eminence Web Hosting then your web site’s future is bright. You should confirm for the ranking in the hosting directories to choose the best Web Hosting Service provider. You should have to analyze your website’s future requirements so that you can decide which Web Hosting Service will best suits to your business.
Your website should be striking and user friendly so that the fresher can easily visit your website. Website helps to endorse the online sales because user those are willing in online sales, search for your web site. Web Hosting Service package should embrace advanced database driven software such as PHP, Perl and SQL. Web Hosting Service includes two type of operating system Linux based operating system and Windows based operating system. Linux based operating system is available in reasonable price. Continuous accessibility of your web site is important as it influence the sales and profit of any company. Hackers can pilfer your personal and important data so if your Web Hosting Service provider is not providing you security and proper uptime facility then please switch on to another Web Hosting Service provider.
To use the Web Hosting Service internet access is compulsory. For internet access you should have to set up a connection. Two types of connections are available in the internet sector. These connections are as follows:
Dial up Connection is used in offices and houses where few computers share the internet. Dial up connection is easily available to every one. Broad Band connection is most popular service available because its speed is fast. Most of the companies are using broad band connection where many computers have to allocate the internet.
Ability of Web Hosting Company plays an imperative role in raising the sales of the corporation. Web Hosting Service should embrace firewalls, managed backup, network attached storage, security devices, load balancer etc. There are various Web Hosting Services such as Dedicated Web Hosting Service, Reseller Web Hosting Service and Virtual Web Hosting Service. In dedicated Web Hosting Service entire web server is assigned to single client. If your business grows in near future then you can enlarge your storage space and bandwidth. You have full access to control panel, hardware etc. You can execute settings according to your need. Reseller Web Hosting Service is a miniature business in itself as you have to purchase a Web Hosting Service and then send it to other client. In Virtual Web Hosting Service web server is shared with other clients. IWI Hosting is providing you these three types of services mentioned above. You can host any of Web Hosting Service as per your need. If you want to deal with us then you can contact us at: www.IWIHosting.com

Forex Signals: Effectively Using Forex Signals to Maximize Your Forex Trading Profits

FOREX trading has some shortcomings; one is the fact that you have to spend a great deal of time scrutinizing the market. Indeed, you may have to spend many hours at your PC, keeping your eyes peeled for entrance and exit situations that will be helpful in your overall investment strategy.
It is possible to utilize automated orders. Limits and stops prevent eye strain by letting you have some time away from your monitor, secure that any potential for loss is minimal. However, you can also lose out on prospective gains, if such orders, in your absence, take effect sooner than you’d like.
To minimize the risk of automated orders, and yet still get away from your desk, a FOREX signal service may be helpful. Someone else does the market watching and analyzing for you, and the results are sent to you directly, by email, cell phone, pager, etc. Such services aren’t free; usually a monthly or annual subscription is required. However, some brokerages have integrated such services into Forex trading software which sends signals to you by screen “pop-up” messages, or by the other direct methods already mentioned.
FOREX signals are usually only to be had in a restricted quantity of currency pairings. Most frequently, one of the following will be offered: EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, or USD/CHF. However, other such duos may be offered by certain specialty services.
A high level of technical market analysis is generally required for FOREX signal creation. Most services utilize a mix of indicators to recognize primary trends and entrance/exit signifiers. Subscribers are then given the option of exercising or foregoing a trade based on the results; some companies may even give you the ability to place trade orders that can be exercised by an analyst without consultation with you, to give you even more freedom from having to monitor the markets – or even the signals – yourself.
A variety of signals are possible as the results of the analysis of currency charts. A Simple Moving Average (SMA) signals to buy if the price for the specified currency moves higher than the line indicating the average price, or to sell if the price goes below the line.
A Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) study also has a signal line where “buy” is indicated if the price goes above, or “sell” if the price goes below, the line.
Market interest may be found using indicators of volume. Especially near the market low, high volume tends to signal that a new trend is beginning. Conversely, low volume may signal that investors are unsure of the wisdom of purchase at this time. The possibility of market change may be signaled by a variety of different indicators.
The utility of such signals can be reinforced with a mixture of additional indicators from a variety of sources. Such a combination provides insight into market behavior that can be fairly dependable. Of course, nothing is 100% certain – if such signals were absolutely reliable, we’d all be rich. No respectable service will ever guarantee absolute success. However, a particular service’s result history can be a good indicator of whether or not you can rely on their currency trading advice being useful to you in the future.
Subscription services that provide such data typically cost between $50 and $200 per month. You may find that the cost outweighs the benefits, or you might find that your profits make the information worth the price. Such data can never take the place of true knowledge, however; signals are simply a form of guidance. If you lack the basic tools to use the information provided, such a service will probably be useless to you until you can obtain some additional training.

) Learn Forex - Is Forex Trading The Ultimate Home Business Opportunity ?

That's true, you can be a trader at home. Forex, or Foreign Exchange Market is by far the largest financial market in the world. About $2 trillion are traded EVERY DAY. The Forex market is the currency market, where a currency is traded against another. Quick example : you buy a dollar and sell euros. Not that easy to understand. But can we do this from home ? Yes, we can. About ten years ago, you would need millions of dollars to start trading. Now you can start with a few hundreds of dollars.
What you need is your computer and an internet connexion. You can trade from the comfort of your home, without having to deal with any boss or clients. You will only deal with money. Then you can start selling dollars and buying euros and make a profit. You have to find a broker, where you will open an account and funding it. You will also have the possibility to get a demo account and practice, with fake money but in the real time market. I strongly recommend you practice a few months before thinking of "live" trading.
It is not that easy, it is extremely risky if you don't know anything about trading. First rule : don't invest what you can't afford to lose. Forex is not a game, there is a lot of parameters to take in account, and human factor is one of the most important in this business.
You may have already understood it, currencies are traded by pairs. The european Euro versus the US Dollar, The US Dollar versus the Japan Yen, etc. When you buy a currency, you want to sell it later at a higher price. When you sell a currency, you want to buy it later at a lower price. This is how you make profit. Think like you were buying a foreign company share. You always want to buy low, and always want to sell high.
What you are looking to when trading currencies is the exchange rate. This will tell you your next move. Buy or sell. Currencies are part of the economy of each countries. When the value of a currency is increasing, this means the economy is going better as before. The exchange rate can be viewed as the country's economy compared to another economy. This is why economic factors can help you to predict your next move. If you know that a currency will increase, you will buy it and expect to sell it at a higher price, a higher rate.
You can choose the pair you want to trade, but the most people trade the main currencies, Euro, Dollar, British Pound, Japan Yen. And you can only choose to trade one pair only if you want. You are the only person that will make the decision. Hope you are making the good ones, profit can be huge, as well as losses.
Like any business, forex trading has to be taken seriously. Lots of people are trading the forex and some are earning thousands of dollars every day. But it needs a lot of training, education and analysis before reaching such results. It can be the perfect business and actually it is for advanced traders

A 5-3 move completes a cycle

mirror that reflects a mirror that reflects a mirror, the each 5-3 wave is not only complete in itself, it is a superset of a smaller series of waves, and a subset of a larger set of 5-3 waves – the next principle.
• This 5-3 move then becomes two subdivisions of the next higher 5-3 wave.In Elliot Wave notation, the 5 waves that fit the trend are labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (impulses). The three correcting waves are called a, b and c (corrections). Each of these waves is made up of a 5-3 series of waves, and each of those is made up of a 5-3 series of waves. The 5-3 cycle that you’re studying is an impulse and correction in the next ascending 5-3 series.

Discover Some Magic To Beat The Forex: The Elliott Wave Theory For Forex Markets

One of the best known and least understood theories of technical analysis in forex trading is the Elliot Wave Theory. Developed in the 1920s by Ralph Nelson Elliot as a method of predicting trends in the stock market, the Elliot Wave theory applies fractal mathematics to movements in the market to make predictions based on crowd behavior. In its essence, the Elliot Wave theory states that the market – in this case, the forex market – moves in a series of 5 swings upward and 3 swings back down, repeated perpetually. But if it were that simple, everyone would be making a killing by catching the wave and riding it until just before it crashes on the shore. Obviously, there’s a lot more to it.
One of the things that makes riding the Elliot Wave so tricky is timing – of all the major wave theories, it’s the only one that doesn’t put a time limit on the reactions and rebounds of the market. A single In fact, the theories of fractal mathematics makes it clear that there are multiple waves within waves within waves. Interpreting the data and finding the right curves and crests is a tricky process, which gives rise to the contention that you can put 20 experts on the Elliot Wave theory in one room and they will never reach an agreement on which way a stock – or in this case, a currency – is headed.
Elliot Wave Basics
• Every action is followed by a reaction.It’s a standard rule of physics that applies to the crowd behavior on which the Elliot Wave theory is based. If prices drop, people will buy. When people buy, the demand increases and supply decreases driving prices back up. Nearly every system that uses trend analysis to predict the movements of the currency market is based on determining when those actions will cause reactions that make a trade profitable.
• There are five waves in the direction of the main trend followed by three corrective waves (a "5-3" move).The Elliot Wave theory is that market activity can be predicted as a series of five waves that move in one direction (the trend) followed by three ‘corrective’ waves that move the market back toward its starting point.

exercising muscles, RBC, adipose tissue,the RO of brain is 1) The catabolism is divided into 2 major stages

exercising muscles, RBC, adipose tissue,the RO of brain is 1) The catabolism is divided into 2 major stages . (1) EMP Glucose D pyruvic acid, no Krebs' cycle requires oxygen and occurs intramitochondrially. Thus EMP Is anaerobic but Krebs cycle 19 aerobic However, EMP produces less ATP but Krebs more, but owing to lesser number of steps, ATP generation from EMP is quicker If no oxygen is available, pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid (LA) LA HMP and uronic acid pathway (UAP) The major utility of HMP is to produce H atoms and pentoses which will be utilized for fatty acid synthesis and nucleic acid respectively. UAP produces glucuronic acid which Definition and classification of liplds Elementary chemistry of inglycerides (tricyl glycerols). phosphnlipids, cholesterol and fatty acids. Plasma lipids. (a) normal values, (b) plasma lipoproteins, (c) hormones and other factors influencing plasma lipid values, (d) hyperlipemia. (e) NEFA Fate of lipids after absorption Summary of lipid metabolism Catabolism of fatty acids. Cholesterol metabolism. Metabolism of phospholipids Active acetate Syntheses of fatty acid Liver and fat metabolism lipotropic factor Fatty liver Adipose Tissue Brown fat. Applied biochemistry Atherosclerosis. Storage diseases Diabetes and lipid metabobolism. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION Definition No really satisfactory definition of lipids (also spelt, by British authors, as, lipides) exists Bloor's [Wilhelm Bloor of Germany , father of modern lipid chemistry and biochemistry) definition is, however, very popular According To him, lipids are substances. (1) which are actual or potential esters of fatty acids, and (ii) insoluble in water but soluble in hot alcohol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether and acetone oil, are not lipids They should be called, mineral oils]. Thus, we say, mustard oil, ground nut oil. but hydrogenated fat (vanaspati). mutton fat etc. The three alcoholic (OH) groups of glycerol undergo estenfication with various fatty acids mentioned above Examples Subcutaneous fat. fat in the omentum and other depot fats of man are mostly triglycerides Similarly animal body fats, like mutton fat. lard (pork fat), tallow (beef fat), ghee (milk fat), or oils like mustard oil, groundnut oil. etc. contain mostly tnglycerides Waxes . An wax- is an ester of a fatty acid and a higher alcohol (Cholesterol is a higher alcohol, therefore, cholesterol ester can be viewed as an wax) Lanolin is a common wax found in the fur of the animals Speimacetti. found in the 'blubber' (for which they are killed by whalers) of sperm whales is an wax lipids. These are compounds made up of alcohols (e.g. gtycerol). fatty acids and some other substances room temperature Phospholipids (taken to be 20°C) whereas fats are solid at room tem

HEXOSE MGNOPHOSPHATE SHUNT, SHUNT This pathway also called, 'pentose phosphate pathway'

already been discussed. HEXOSE MGNOPHOSPHATE SHUNT, SHUNT This pathway also called, 'pentose phosphate pathway' (PPP) is an alternative path of EMP. The main features are 1. This cycle operates, mainly in adipose tissue, lactat-ing mammary gland and to some extent in the liver Major steps are outlined below In the firsi stage glucose, becomes g1 6 phos as in the case of EMP But subsequently, the g16 phos is oxidized and decarboxylated resulting in formation of ribulose 5 phosphate (ribulose is a pentose) In the second phase, ribulose 5 phos becomes glucose again. There are numerous inermediats steps in both the stages , A and B, which need not be discussed. However, in the beginning, if there were. 6 molecules of glucose, at the end of stags B, only 5 molecules of glucose are resynthesized back, because one molecule of glucose molecule has been oxidized in the meantime By repeated recycling of glucose thro ughthe HMP cycle, oxidation of large amount of glucose is thus possible it should be noted that at no step of EMP, there is evolution of CO2, where at in the HMP, C02 evolution occurs early. The H released during the operation of PPP are accepted by NADP+(and not NAD+as in EMP), so that NADP+ becomes NADPH. Importance of PPP (i) Synthesis of fatty acids in the adipose tissue (from products of carbohydrate metabolism) requires large number of H atoms which can only be supplied by NADPH Thus fatty acid synthesis requires vigoros operation of PPP. Teleologically its occurrence in adipose tissue is ideal Another major utility of the shunt pathway i.e. the PPP appears to be, to produce pentoses for synthesis of nucleic acids and nucleotide Besides, PPP also yields energy. The interrelationship between PPP and fragility of RBC. especially after ingestion of the antirmalanal drug primaquine, has been discussed earlier in this book URONIC ACID PATHWAY In this pathway glucose is converted into uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDP gfucuronic acid), via several steps including the conjugation with UTP (a high energy phosphate compound like ATP) and oxidation of ON radical attached wdh C6 of the glucose molecule. The glucuronic acid thus formed is utilized by The body as follows It combines with substances like estrogen, bilirubin and many drugs, forming the corresponding glucuronides (e. g . bilirubin gluucuronride) which are water soluble and excreted through urine (ii) in many mammals (but not in man and other primates or guinea pig) vit C can be synthesized Synthesis of vit C in those animals occurs from glucuronic acid SUMMARY & HIGH LIGHTS Glucose molecule is catabolized in many tissues (notably in the brain,

PANHYPOPlTUlTARlSM IN THE ADULT If the panhypopituitarism develops at an early age.

Prolonged usage of reserpine is known to produce clinical symptoms like breast enlargement (even breast cancer) even in male breasts. Phenothiazone (an aniipsychotic drug) also depresses dopamine and increases PRL secretion 2. Bromocnptine, is an agonist of dopamine and cause suppression of PRL secretion In addition, it also suppresses GH secretion Bromocnptine is used extensively against acromegaly and prolaclinomas (= prolaclm secreting tumors of adenohypophysis)". PANHYPOPlTUlTARlSM IN THE ADULT If the panhypopituitarism develops at an early age. the patient becomes a dwarf and is known as the pituitary dwarf However, if panhypopituitarism appears after the growth in vertical length is complete,then there is no question of dwarfism (cf. cretin versus adult hypothyroidism) and the condition is now called adult psnhypopituitarism (pan =the whole) Two types are known, viz4 Simmond's disease and Sheeh an's syndrome Actually the adult panhypopiturtarism is Simmond's disease and Sneehan's syndrome is a special type of Simmond's disease Any condition that causes adenohypophysial destruction will lead to Simmond's disease On the other hand, after a severe shock during delivery of the child (e. g. due to post partum hemorrhage), the Sheehan's syndrome can develop in the mother (The cause of Sheehan's syndrome is acute ischemia of the adenohypophysis but the exact mechanism of the development of acute ischemia following me poslpartum hemorrhage is debatable. it may be due to spasm of the arteries supplying the adenohypophysis) The features of adult panhypopitutarism are due to lack of the various adenohypophysial hormones Thus, (i) there will be signs of thyroid, gonadal and adrenocortical deficiencies (ii) Laboratory tests will reveal, fall ofthe values of plasma levels of the hormones of those peripheral endocrine glands (thyrod /gonads/adrenal cortex) as well as those of the tropic hormones of anterior pituitary (NB. Although, the term is panhypopituitarism.the neurohypophysis is not involved). THE HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES In the previous discussions, it was pointed out that the hypothalamus liberates hormones (or factors) which enter the adenohypophysis via the portal system of blood supply and strongly influences the secretions ofthe adenohypophysis Below, additional informations about the releasing hormones are given Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) This is a tripepide hormone. It acts on thyrotroph cells to cause secretion of TSH . As already mentioned in connection with prolactin, TRH also acts on lactotroph and has some PRLRF like activities The second messenger, for the TRH, in the thyrotroph cells, may not be cAMP it appears, Ca

Unctions HPRL (human PRL) causes initiation of milk formation and its maintenance

spill into the peripheral blood These (big and big big prolactin) molecules are prohormones. when present in blood, they being RIA +ve, impart falsely high values (because They have only very weak PRL like action). Unctions HPRL (human PRL) causes initiation of milk formation and its maintenance in The female breast In human females, probably there is no other major function of PRL, but in the animals, it has some other important functions. For example, in the fats, PRL is required for The maintenance of corpus lutieum in early days of pregnancy In some other animals this hormone is required for the appearance of rnataral instincts. In birds, this hormone is necessary for the development of instincts of nest building (a behavior which is allied to the maternal behavior). HPRL is present in males and its concentration in blood rises in puberty it is now known that PRL potentates the LH action on Leydig cells and in some unknown way high PRLin our body causes im-rpotence. Incidentally, PRL receptors, in human beings, are found only in the breast and the gonads. Regulation From hypothalamus, a substance called pralactin inhibitory factor (PIF) is released and discharged in to the blood vessels. In the adenohypophysis, PLF inhibits the secretion of PRL Dopamine, a catechol amine, is a well known neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus and enters The portal system of blood vessels From vanous evidences, it appears, that dopamine is the PIF. 2. Hypothalamus also produces a PPL releasing factor (PRLPF), details are not clearly known (indeed its very existence is still debated) TRH of the hypothalamus has some PRLRF like activity. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (chap B. sec III) also acts as PRLRF Estrogen stimulates the growth of the lacrotroph. During pregnancy . the adenohypophysis grows in size, principally due to the growth of the laclotrophs which is mainly due to the excess estrogen derived from placenta. As a result, the HFPI. values rise greatly during pregnancy (normal, in non pregnant women 10 to 20 ng/ml normally lower values are found in male, during pregnancy 100 to 300 ng/ml values are common PRL is determined by RIA). However, the PRL cannot start acting so long the estrogen concentration of blood is high. Therefore, milk formation starts after parturition (when blood estrogen level abruptly falls) Mechanical stimulation of the female nipple, notably suckling increases the HPRL secretion Drugs which behave as dopamine (dopamine agonists) inhibit the HPRL secretion. Conversely, drugs which opose dopamine (dopamine antagonists} increase HPRL secretion Bromocriptine is one notable agonist of dopamine. Applied physiology. Reserpine and methyldopa, drugs which are used against hypertension, remove dopamine from the neurons and cause rise of PRL Prolonged usage of reserpine is known to produce clinical symptoms like breast enlargement (even breast cancer) even in male breasts.

) Learn Forex - How To Make Money Trading Forex, The Trade Process

On the forex market we are trading currencies, exchanging a currency for another. So we buy a currency hoping its value will increase compared to the value of the one we are selling. Yes, we, at the same time, buying a currency and selling another currency. An example may be a little more understandable.
We have dollars and want to buy euros. The pair traded here is EUR/USD, and the exchange rate is 1.25. You can read it like this : 1 euro equals 1.25 dollar. We hope that the euro value will be higher so that later we will buy more dollar. The exchange rate increase to 1.35, in this case we bought 1 euro using 1.25 dollar, and it now equals to 1.35 dollar. So we exchange our 1 euro back into dollars and now have 1.35.
We bought 1 euro for $1.25 and sell it back for $1.35, we made a 10 cents profit. Of course on the forex market you will not buy only one euro, this will be few hundreds or thousands, depending on your budget and the leverage offered by the broker.
Exchange rates are always moving. When I say that you "hope" the value will increase, many factors can be used to predict the rate, based on technical or fundamental analysis. This is not the topic of this article so let's have another example of a selling trade.
We take the same pair (EUR/USD) as above starting with the same exchange rate (1.25). We want to sell euros so we can buy it later at a lower price. Here we hope, or know that the value of the euro will depreciate. We sell one euro for $1.25. The exchange rate drops to 1.15. That means that now we only need 1.15 to buy our euro back. We exchange our dollars back into euros and again, make a 10 cents profit.
When you buy or sell, you always buy or sell the base currecy. The base currency is the first one in the pair. In the pair EUR/USD, the base currency is the euro and the USD is called the quote currency. When you decide to buy, you buy euro and sell dollars. When you decide to sell, you sell euros and buy dollars.
Think that you always need to exchange something two times. If you buy something and want to make a profit from it, you would prefer to sell it at a higher price. And so, if you are selling something that you will need to buy again, you would prefer to have it at a lower price.

The purpose of money management is to avoid the risk of ruin, but at the same time it helps you boost your profits, allowing them

Don't use any money management technique. The purpose of money management is to avoid the risk of ruin, but at the same time it helps you boost your profits, allowing them to grow geometrically. For instance, by using no money management techniques, there is a possibility that in loosing 10 trades in a row you could empty your trading account. On the other hand, by applying simple money management techniques you can avoid it. So make sure, if you want to fail, don't even consider money management.
Forget about psychological issues. You need to get every trade to win. Successful traders know that they don't need to win every trade in order to profit from the market. This is one characteristic that is hard to understand and really apply. Why? Because we are taught, since kids, that any number below 70% is a bad number. In the Forex trading environment, this is not true.
Don't even consider using a Risk-reward (RR) ratio greater than 1-1. If you use a RR ratio of 1-2 (willing to make twice the amount risked in one trade) then you only need a system that is right around 50% to make money. If you use a RR ratio of 1-3 (willing to make three times the amount risked in one trade) then you will need a system that is right around 40% of the time to make money. So make sure to use a RR ratio below 1-1.
By applying every point outlined in this Forex training guide, you will almost assure your failure in your Forex trading journey. Do the opposite, and you will have the possibility to achieve what every trader is looking for: consistent profitable results.

Forex Training: Deadly Forex Mistakes That Assure Failure

Before venturing into your trading journey there are some things you need to be aware of, otherwise you could succeed on your trading adventure, and we don't want that to happen, do we? This Forex training guide will help you track the most costly mistakes Forex traders do.
First of all, make sure you don't have a trading system. Having a trading system might increase the odds of your success. If you have a system, you will have an objective way to get in and out the market. When traders create their trading systems they think objectively since there is no position to be taken at the moment. If there is no position to be taken, there is also no money at risk, if there is no money at risk, we do think objectively and are open to every possibility, thus we are able to find low risk trading opportunities. So make sure you don't have a system and trade based on a randomly approach.
If you have already created your system, then don't follow it, be undisciplined. If you follow your system, there is a possibility that you can profit from the Forex market based on the trading opportunities you have found. If you want to fail on your trading, be sure to be undisciplined.Don't get educated. Most successful traders are very well educated in the market they trade (stocks, Forex, futures, etc.) If you get educated, you might acquire the knowledge and experience you require to master the Forex market. Don't read about the Forex market, don't enroll into Forex training programs and don't even look at historical charts

Compensatory mechanisms include (a) Frank Starling's law(b) sympathetic overac-tivity (due to barofectptor

to The need. Compensatory mechanisms include (a) Frank Starling's law(b) sympathetic overac-tivity (due to barofectptor and othar reflexes) Pump failure is aggravated because of the operation of Laplace's law (iii) The murmurs of valvular disease, logically, can occur even it the critical value of Reynold's number is not execeaded. although exercising the patient increase? the propensity of turbulence and murmur (iv) Common sites of heart blocks are AVN, bundle branch (right/left) Sick sinus syndrome affects the SAN. (v) Atrinal fibrillation is a chronic condition where as ventricular fibrillation usually kills instantaneously Functional anatomy the lymphatic channels are present in every tissue, excepting the central nervous system and cornea. The lymph channels start as blind capillaries lined by single layer of endothelium but no basement membrane. In these blind capillaries tissue fluid and some protein molecules enter fromthe tissue But these fluid and protein molecules, once they enterthese channels, cannot leave Them These vessels then dram into bigger vessels which are fewer in number, which in turn, open into still bigger (and still fewer in number) vessels Ultimately all lymphatic fluid opens into right and left subclavian veins respectively Thus the fluid and the protein of the tissue fluid are returned to the blood. On its way The lymphatic channels are interrupted by lymph nodes On approaching a lymph node, a lymph channel breaks up into several afferent channels, all of which enter the lymph nodes From the lymph node one (or sometimes more) single channel, called efferent channel, draining; the lymph node, emerges and continues onward. The lymph node adds lymphocytes and antibodies to the flowing lymph Therefore,these lymphocytes and antibodies eventually enter the blood in the aubclavian veins. The lymphatic channels contain valves which ensure a unidirectional flow Formation of the lymph From the capillaries of the arterioal system, the fluid in tries to come out but is opposed by the proteins of plasma as discussed earlier, in connection with the Starling's hypothesis (fig. 1. 1 .9.] .There, it was presumed that no protein can come out of the capillary blood vessel to the tissues. But the statement was not fully accurate A little plasma proteins can and do leave the blood capillaries These form the proteins of the lymph (for details, see "movemenls of large molecules", in micro circulation, chap 10, sec. V). Question arises if this be the truth, the concentration of lymph fluid protein should have been low But the lymph fluid sometimes contain good amount of protein How? The answer may be that because of the fact that during the return of tissue fluid to the venous end of the capillaries, these proteins are debarred to enter the blood capillaries [because of the relative impermeability of the capillary wall to the proteins). Thus, although the exit of proteins from the capillaries is only in traces, these proteins tend to accumulate mthe tissues. Therefore, the concentration of protein in the tissue fluid rises and The concentrated protein ultimately returns to the lymph vessels Functions o) the lymph 1. Plasm

The description of the technic of determination of closing volume is outside the scope of this book Maximal oxygen uptake

at rest. The description of the technic of determination of closing volume is outside the scope of this book Maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) A normal adult at rest takes aboul 12 respirations/ minute and his tidal volume. VT is 500 ml. Therefore, his ventilation volume ( EMBED Equation 3 ) is 6000 ml/mm Out of this 6000 ml, containing roughly, 12DO ml of O2, he however consumes only about 250 ml or so of O2 per minute His 'oxygen utilisation' or 'oxygen uptake', at rest, (that is his (EMBED Equation .3 )02) is,therefore, 260 ml/minute During physical work,the need for 02 rises and his { EMBED Equation 3 }02 also rises until the limit, that is the maximal oxygen uptake,the { EMBED Equation.3 }02 { HYPERLINK htlp.//max.is) reached in highly trained athletes, the (EMBED Equation 3 } O2 max may be as high as 3000 ml or even more. The { EMBED Equation 3 )02 max varies from person lo person, being high in physically well built, trained atheletes Evidently the { EMBED Equations 3.)02 max value will be low in the following conditions Insufficiency of the bellow action (ventilatory capacity) of the lungs (emphysema), (11) Alveolo-capillary block (pulmonary edema. Hamman Rich syndrome), (iii) Insufficiency of the mechanism of 02 carriage by the blood (anemia, left ventricular insufficiency) and so on Ideally,the ( EMBED Equation 3 )O2 max should be determined as follows: The subject works maximally hard on a bicycle ergometer or on a tread mill. While he does so, his expired air is collected in a Douglas bag. After a period of 2 minutes or so, The work is stopped, the 02 percentage of the expired air inthe Douglas bag analyzed and { EMBED Equations }02 man determined Ex: The 02 concentration of room air is 21 % A man works very hard for 2 minutes in these two minutes, the volume of expired air as collected by the Douglas bag, is 100 liters. A sample of this expired an is now analyzed and analysis shows that percentage of 02in the expired air is 14 ml/100 ml What is the { EMBED Equations }Q2 max of the subject? Ans. Volume of air expired/min As this volume 3500 ml (per minute) was consumed when the subject was working with maximal effort the ( EMBED Equation 3 )02 max is Therefore 3500 ml/ min This means, the subject cannot use more than 3500ml of O2 /min. It is now popular to express { EMBED Equation 3 }O2, max in terms of kg body weight. Thus if the body weight of this subject is 70 kg, the (EMBED Equation

. The ECG findings reveal that, (here is often a gross bradycardia.

is understood now, this syndrome is not uncommon Sick sinus syndrome ('SSS') i s characterized by some ECG changes and is due to some damage in the sinu atrial node (SAN) it may be symptom free. The ECG findings reveal that, (here is often a gross bradycardia. The P waves in ECG might be periodically missing Pace makers Pace makers have revolutionized the treatment of heart blocks. In heart block patients, pace makers are introduced with an aim to supply to the heart the proper stimuli. 50 that lack (due to block) of natural impure (coming from the SAN) will not result in cardiac standstill. A paces maker is an electronic device, placed suitably, (so that its tip is positioned in the right ventricle) which supplies stimuli to the heart Various types of pace makers are used but perhapsthe most popular type is'demand ventricular pace maker' In this type of instrument, (he naturally occurring impules do their job but if there be missed natural impulses, the pace maker detects them (= missing impulses) and supplies artiticial stimuli. FIBRILLATION Atrial fibrillation In thiscondition, the coordinated and effective contraction of the atria is lost. At any given instant. some pans of the atria are contracting while other pans are quiecent to that if looks like the movements of a warm (vermiform movements) Numerous independent action potentials develop in the atria, many of which are blocked at the AVN These impulses develop It irregular intervals. As a result the ventricles receive irregularly irregular impulses so that the outstanding: clinical feature is irregularly irregular pulse which is usually also very rapid. Persistent atrial fibrillation may lead to embolism and heart failure. Ventricular fibrillation. The same vermiform (worm like) movements may also develop in the ventricle leading to circulatory standstill. Ventricular fbrillation usually kill the patient instantaneously or rarely the patient develops Stokes Adams syndrome like condition and recovers without medical aid Medical aid consists of giving external electrical shock ("counter shock} or (if the instrument is not available) xylocaine may be injected SUMMARY & HIGHLIGHTS (i) In CVS shock, the cardiac output is not sufficient to meet the demands Nature's compensatory mechanisms consist mainly of neural (baroreceptor reflex etc), fluid shift and renin angiotensin mechanism. (ii) Heart failure may be seen as pump failure and the cardiac output Is insufficient to The need.

Of them.the helium dilution technic which probably is the most popular method,

hod. Of them.the helium dilution technic which probably is the most popular method, is described below. The subject breathes in and out from a spirometer containing a known concentration of helium . Let the volume of the spiro meter (including the tube leading from the spirometer to the patient) be VS. Further, let the volume of the lungs during quiet breathing, at the end ef an ordinary expiration, (i. e. FRC of the subject), be VL In the beginning (before start of the experiment), the volume of the helium was C1 x Vs where C1 was the concentiation of hetium in the spirometer. Now the subject breathes through the spirometer and after sometime, concentration of helium is same throughout the spirometer. the tube (connecting the spirometer and the subject) and the lungs (to be understood is, thaithese three, now make a continuous chamber). After this new equilibrium, the concentration of helium falls Now, let C2 be the new concentration of helium in the spirometer after the equilibrium is reached; then, the volume of helium is The value of Vs, C1 and C2 being known, the value of VL can be found out N.B. It should be remembered that the gas helium is insoluble in blood Helium therefore does not escape From the alveoli to enter capillary blood of the lungs. The FRC and RV are increased in emphysema Flow volume curve (loop) Flow volume curve can demonstrate whether or not there is obstruction in the smaller bronchioles Recall, small bronchial obstruction (and therefore its consequence of increased 'airway resistance') occurs classically in emphysema and bronchial asthma (during paroxysm). The flow volume loop, FVL, has a characteristic shape in normal persons (fig. 4. 2.5) The hollowed out shape in the phase of exptration (line a' b' in fig. 4. 2.5, B) is characteristic of emphysema (the hollowed our shape is because of excess time required to breathe out fully in the face of increased airway obstruction). Conclusion and Summary. There are many items in lung function Tests (LUFT) However, one electronically operated computerised spt-romeler can look after most of the LUFTs required in ordinary clinical units Such a spirometer will determine. VC (FVC) , FEVI., FEV1 : FVC , PVV., PEFR. and also give a FVL (flow volume foop) However, such spirometers will not give, RV , FRC or TL values. Such spirometers are only moderately expensive and are manufactured in India. Closing Volume Towards the basal region, the intrapleural pressure is less negative than that in the apical region. Therefore, at the basal region, the traction on the bronchial walls are less and the fine bronchial tubes, (the respiratory bronchioles, to be specific) have a tendency Lo collapse (obliterate) particularly during a forcible enpiration. The lung volume at which this closure actually occurs is called the closing capacity Closing volume is closing capacity minus the residual volume. Closing capacity is high in emphysema. In advanced cases of emphysema The closing capacity may encroach the tidal air volume and at this stage the subject suffers from dyspnea even at rest

Paper trade with a demo account until you are efficient and feel comfortable in the market.

When you move on and start trading with real money, it feels different than paper trading! But this is no time to change your plan. To minimize the effects of emotion, set a small, realistic initial goal and trade until you achieve your goal more often than not. Use small sums in micro or mini accounts. Only when you are comfortable risking your cash and sometimes losing it should you attempt to trade with larger sums of money.
Study your trading record and try to figure out what went wrong when you lost. To put it simply, learn from your mistakes. That alone will put you ahead of the crowd!

Remember, there is no magic software or fool-proof trading scheme. If you cannot control your emotions, then you cannot become a winner despite yourse

things you can do to improve your chances of being one of the winners, and the most powerful is to follow these rules of Forex trading:
Prepare a trading plan, using good Forex money management skills and the trading strategy of your choice—then trade your plan. Don’t alter your plan or fudge your criteria if you don’t see a good trade for a few days; wait for the market to fulfill your requirements before risking your money. Remember the law of averages: sooner or later, the market will come around.
Use stops, and trailing stops when possible, to control losses and protect your profits. Remember to set your stops far enough away from the entry price so that you aren’t closed out by normal market jitters.

Forex Trading Psychology: What Makes A Successful Forex Trader?

The Forex market has changed through the years, growing in volume and expanding across multiple time zones.
Brokerage houses have changed, too, going online with sophisticated software and powerful servers.
Economic indicators and technical analysis have become more sophisticated, too, until the Forex market of today bears little resemblance to what it used to be.
But there’s one thing that hasn’t changed: most traders lose.
Despite all the advances in the Forex marketplace, the ratio of winners to losers remains low. Experts agree that the most hopeful number that can be advanced is a measly 10%, which means that 90% of all traders on any particular day will lose.
Experts also agree that the reason most traders lose is because they allow their emotions to cloud their judgment.
Most people trade on hope and fear, rather than facts. Rather than basing their trades on what the charts and the indicators actually say, these people trade on what they want them to say. They hang onto a losing trade and follow the graph down, hoping the currency pair will turn around. Or they exit a trade too soon, fearing the trend won’t last, and are satisfied with pennies that even the best Forex money management cannot balance against their losses.
Other people lose through greed, by trying to pick the highs and lows too nicely to maximize their profits to the penny. Rather than waiting to place a trade when the indicators confirm the market’s movement, they jump in too soon and are disappointed when the anticipated break-out never occurs.

discussed EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI AND PULMONARY CAPILLARY BLOOD

Shunts 5 Applied Physiology 6. Summary Introduction Oxygen passes from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillary blood and C02 is disgorged from the capillary blood to the alveoli In ihis chapter, the mechanism and the factors invoked in such transfers will be discussed The gases, in order to be transferred, have to pass through the following bamers T. Lining epithelium of the alveolar wall 2. The capillary endoihelium and Ihe basement membrane. These two layers, laken together constitute the alveolocapilEary membrane Alveolocapillary membrane = alveolar epithelium + capillary endothelium + basement membrane lying between these Two layears. 3. Plasma of the capillary blood. 4. The erythrocyte membrane plus The intracellular fluid within the red blood corpuscle Therefore, 'resistance' against the passage of gases is due lo The (i) alveolocapillary membrane (ii) its passage through the capillary plasma, (iii) its passage through the RBC membrane plus ICF in RBC and (iv) 'reaction rale' The term reaction rale rs used to mean Ihe reaction rale of oxygen with Hb, to form Hb02 or breaking down of compounds of C02 to release C02. At this stage, another term. viz, membrane component should be understood. Membrane component = a Iveolo capillary membrane + plasma in the capillary of the lung + RBC membrane + the intracellular fluid within the RBC it is clear That the resistance against the gaseous transfer is due To The combined effects of (i) membrane component, and (ii) reaction rate However, the reaction rale accounts for less than 5% of the tolal resistance and hence very often ignored in routine discussions. Passage of gas through the membrane component occurs by purely physjcal diffusion and no chemical reaction is involved For this to occur, it will be seen in the subsequent paragraphs. that all the conditions are favoring thus- (i) the alveolo capillary membrane is extremely thin (ii) there is minimum tissue fluid in the lung (ni) the dtffusivrty of 02 or C02 is satisfactory, and (iv) the pressure gradient of the gases across the membrane is sufficient THE ALVEOLOCAPILLARV MEMBRANE Components of Ihe alveotocapillary membrane have already been stated It's thickness vanes from 0.36 gm to 2.5 0gm. the average being about 0.5 ym. The tissue fluid m the lung is absolutely minimum Presence of a grealer amount of tissue fluid (as occurs in other tissues elsewhere in our body) between alveolar epithelium and capillary wall would have obstructed diffusion Details of so as to why the lung parenchyma is almost free of Tissue fluid is little controversial, but the broad outlines are as follows. The mechanism of formal

The oper under si andiriq of applied physiology requires an integrated

dead may persuade the aggressor to leavfl it) Or. it may be an attempt by the Nature td save the victim from the agonies associated with a violent death Respiration tan be altered voluntarily Thus both voluntary hyperventilatmn and voluntary breath holding are possible Impulses for this come horn the cerebral cortex 2. Injuries in the lateral part of the hypothatamus produces a depression ofrespirahon 3. Activities of Ihe limbic system also influence respiration. Limbic system are areas of the bram whose activities produce various emotional changes. Thus, sobbing, which is associaied with a typical respiratory pattern, occurs during grief it should he noted that gyrus cinguh is also a part of the limbic system Mypolhalamus, too is strongly connected with the limbic system The oper under si andiriq of applied physiology requires an integratedconcept of the different chapters A whole chapter has been devoted later in this section and the student is referred to that chapter (chap 6) far understanding the physiological basis of different diseases of ventilation and their management SUMMARY & HIGHLIGHTS Respiration is so adjusted that Ft keeps our bodily 02 need satisfied, dnves out C02 and H+ ions, yet it operates at low cost Further, respiration can take care of the changes of out body needs by altering the frequency [normally about 14/min) and depih (normally 500 ml) of individual excursions and do thai automatically Further, respiratory movements are automatic and rhythmic. These features, viz, automaticfly, rhythmicity and adjusttbiIrty to Ihe needs are dependent on the presence of a respiratory cenler (RC) which receives many feed backs from various parts of the body to adjust according to the needs, medullary (DRG & VRG) The RC consists of { , pontine (apneustic and pneumoiaxic) centers Inspiratory (i) neurons, mostly in the DRG are always active, only the activity regularly increases and decreases When it increases, the RC cenler dischargee ) inspiration begins When decreases, the inspiration stops expiration begins The I neurons are strongly influenced by reflexes (eg, load detecting reflex/Hering Breuer reflex and so on) PaCo2 and so on PaC02 acts mostly via central c h em o receptors (CC) of medulla Al exceptional times, depression of Pa02 becomes an important controlling agent ofE, examples include cor puimonale and high altitude sickness. 02 lack acts wa peripheral chemoreceplor (carotid and aortic bodies) Finally, sometimes, higher cenlers (corrax /hypolhalanuts) appear in the picture of control Cause of rhythmicily is rather speculalwe One such theory has been discussed EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI AND PULMONARY CAPILLARY BLOOD 1. Introduction 2 The Interposrng Membrane (Alveofo Capillary Membrane) 3. Pick's Law, Transfer Factor, DL02 and DLC02. Measuremenl of Diffusion Capacity A. Shunts 5 Applied Physiology 6. Summary Introduction Oxygen passes from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillary blood and C02 is disgorged from the capillary blood to the alveoli In ihis chapter, the mechanism and the factors invoked in such transfers will be discussed The gases,

Easy Forex Trading - How to Trade Forex Easily and Profitably!

When an individual would hear the word 'Forex' it is expected that the initial reaction is that it is a complicated and mind-bugling issue to take. Although this is true at some point, it does not actually work always that way especially if an individual is aware of all the prerequisites of the game. Now, to open each eye about easy Forex trading, this article was created.
• It is easy Forex trading since you need not to overdo things. If you are just new on the Forex trading arena then you can begin with making a profit of only a 20 pips. Do not try to add up more, instead study the tactic that you will have to do the next day.
• You need not to waste all your time; it could be spent on 15 minute chart as well as 1 hour chart only.
• The 5 miniature chart is not there so you could waste yourself into. If you spend too much of your time here then it will only distract you in making a good trading decision.
• Easy Forex trading also means not using the complicated MACD to buy and sell since it only arrive the individual to meaningless trades which anyone would see as a waste of time.
• You can make use of trailing stops during times when you unstoppably keep on moving your Forex proceeds just to cover all your losses. Also keep in mind to practice first with the demo before actually dipping your toe on the real scene.
• You can carry out everything that you can probably do in order to protect your cash through the use of 12-15 pips stop in Forex trading. As expected, you will primarily lose 3 out of 10 trades thus is sensible to hinder your losses to a certain percent and always practice proper money management.
• Some would say that is easy Forex trading given that one can rely only on 'gut feel'. This is not an intuition game; this is a real thing since your money is at risk. Being very much dependent on 'gut feeling' will only lead to financial dilemma thus it is best to control your emotions.
• You need to have a precise and detailed log of every good or bad trade that you had before to serve as your guidelines not to make any erroneous decision later on.
• Every people has their personal indicators thus what work for your friend may not always work for you, be unique.
• Indeed, it is definitely an easy Forex trading but in case you cant compose yourself to be serious on what you are doing then there is no point of even starting.
There are other lists of guideline that would present why it is known as easy Forex trading. For the trader, you have to practice and study every step that you make. Be patient and do not just rely on your inkling if you really want to bag the money all the time.

Paper trade with a demo account until you are efficient and feel comfortable in the market.

When you move on and start trading with real money, it feels different than paper trading! But this is no time to change your plan. To minimize the effects of emotion, set a small, realistic initial goal and trade until you achieve your goal more often than not. Use small sums in micro or mini accounts. Only when you are comfortable risking your cash and sometimes losing it should you attempt to trade with larger sums of money.
Study your trading record and try to figure out what went wrong when you lost. To put it simply, learn from your mistakes. That alone will put you ahead of the crowd!

maximize their profits to the penny. Rather than waiting to place a trade when the indicators confirm the market’s movement,

Remember, there is no magic software or fool-proof trading scheme. If you cannot control your emotions, then you cannot become a winner despite yourself. But there are things you can do to improve your chances of being one of the winners, and the most powerful is to follow these rules of Forex trading:
Prepare a trading plan, using good Forex money management skills and the trading strategy of your choice—then trade your plan. Don’t alter your plan or fudge your criteria if you don’t see a good trade for a few days; wait for the market to fulfill your requirements before risking your money. Remember the law of averages: sooner or later, the market will come around.
Use stops, and trailing stops when possible, to control losses and protect your profits. Remember to set your stops far enough away from the entry price so that you aren’t closed out by normal market jitters.

). The intact Skin offers resistance to many harmful agent like bacteria, toxic

Because In such persons, sufficient sun rays could not penetrate the skin to produce vit D from 7 dehydrocholesterol (a precursor of vit D, normaly found In the skin) So they died o fit deficiencies (racket /osteomalacia) and the gene was eliminated By the same argument, one would expect that, in South African countries, white skidded people died of skin cancers and sun bum, leaving only the dark skinned people Skin cancers, it may be noted, are found usually in the white persons who are excessively exposed to sun, the cancer occurring in the exposed parts of the body. (2). The intact Skin offers resistance to many harmful agent like bacteria, toxic chemicals etc If there is an injury of the skin, the barrier fails and infections due to invasion of bacteria from the external world can occur For this protective function, the keratinized stratum corneum plays the fundamental role The skin normaly harbors a bacterial as well as an yeast flora Bacteria present are mostly staphylococci and comytoaclena. Their presence is beneficial as they destroy more pathogenic organisms of the external world water balance The stratum corium is such a membrane that it does not allow water to pass in and out imagine, a subject is bathing in a sea water (NaCI concentration of the sea water is more than isotonic) in absence of the str .corneum, water from the body of the subject would have massively migrated to the sea water. Reverse would have happened during a bath in sweet water or during exposure to heavy rain in Introduction Classification of muscles I. Skeletal Muscle. 1. Functional anatomy. 2. Mechanism of contraction. 3. Fast and slow muscles. 4. Neuromuscular junction and neuromuscular transmission. 5 .Properties of skeletal muscle Introduction. There are three types of muscles in our body skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The skeletal muscles (also called, striated or voluntary muscles) are found in association with the bones (skeletal system), which explains the name Under Light microscope, each muscle cell Is seen lo contain large number of transverse (= cross) lines (- strletions) at regular intervals, hence these muscles are also known as striated (cross striated) muscles These muscles are supplied by somatic nerves and they can be contracted (or relaxed) under will (will = volition), so they are also called voluntary muscles in short, skeletal muscles = striated rustles = voluntary muscles Plain (also called, 'smooth' muscles), on the other hand, are associated with the viscera but not with the bones Thus, these muscles are found in the walls of hollow tubes of gastrointestinal viscera (stomach, small intestine. large intestine), bronchi tubes, urrary bladder, blood vessels (but not In the heart) and so on They are therefore also called visceral muscles' These muscles are supplied by autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and their contraction/ relaxation are independent of the

. The state of blood vessels also powerful govern me hue or color of the skin and has been discussed

processes of the cell, into other Celts of the epidermis in the people of the colored races (Asians, Negroes) although the number of melanocytes is not higher, the amount of melanin produced is higher. The state of blood vessels also powerful govern me hue or color of the skin and has been discussed In details elsewhere in this book (coetaneous circulation chi 10. sec V). in short, vasoconstriction, (due to. say, sympathetic over activity) toads to pale skin or pallor, where as In a comfortably warm atmosphere (where the vessels of the dermis are well dilated). the color of me skin is reddish If the blood of the dermis. due to any reason is extraordinary reduced, color of the overlying epidermis that is color of the Skin' (at that region) also becomes blue, a condition called cyanosed. Cyanosis has been discussed in greater detail, in ch. 7, sec IV. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN These may be discussed under four headings (i) temperature regulation, (ii) sense perception(iii) protective function, and (iv) water balance. Temperature regulation Temperature regulation has been discussed in the section dealing will neurophysiology (Thermal regulation, sec XD, chap. 2). In short, me major functions or the skin in relation to the temperature regulation are as follows: The different organs of the body, notably the liver, generates large Quantities of heat. The interior of the body, called the core, thus produces the heat Now. if the core becomes too hot, -some of its heat is discharged through the Skin which forms part of’ shell' This is done by cutaneousvas dilatation, heat from the core comes, to the shell (_ skin and subcutaneous tissue) via the blood, reaches the skin and passes into the environment (provided, the environment has a lower temperature than that of the body). Coetaneous vasodilatation (which , mediated via the hypothalamus), is thus a fundamental mechanism to keep the body cool On the other hand, in a fold climate, when it is necessary to heap the body warm, there is coetaneous vasoconstriction. so that the core heat cannot be dissipated and the causes preservation of body heat Coetaneous vasoconstriction is also due to the hypothalamic activity In an environment where the environmental temperature is hotter than that of the body, there cannot be any dissipation of coetaneous heat try ordinary methods (Like conduct on/convection /radiation) Now, the sweat glands, (the echini glands) sweat. the sweat is evaporated, taking the latent heat of evaporation from the body and the body is cooled .Temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic process Excessive body temperature can kill the subject Subnormal temperature, also, can kill Sense perception This has been discussed in greater detail in sensory physiology. In short, skin contains nerve endings, as well as various receptors for touch and temperature. Afferent nerves emerge from them carrying specific sensation and ultimately convey those sensations to proper areas of the brain so that the subject feels (perceives) The sense. Touch, pain and temperature are coetaneous sense aborts Protective function (1) Ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun cause damage of the skin called ultraviolet ray injury Melanin and the thick stratum come together prevents such injury Exposure to UV rays stimulate more melanin production and melanin adsorbs the light of all wave lengths. The stratum cornea also thickens when it is chronically exposed to sun rays The stratum corneum absorbs waves mostly which are less than 320mu (UV light = light waves having less than 360 mg lengths) Such naves are often cancer producing There is an interesting theory which states that in the distant past, in Europe, all the persons n whom melanin production was excessive,

The eel Although the HCO3 entering the peritubutar fluid is thus strictly sneaking,

the water goes out as unne and C02 diffuses back into The eel Although the HCO3 entering the peritubutar fluid is thus strictly sneaking, not the very same ion that was in the Tubule, but in effect, it means the same The drug acetazolamide (Diarnox) Inhibits the CA and Thus stops Na reabsorplion that occurs via The antiport system Diamox was once a popular diuretic Unfortunately, the stoppage of HC03 reabsorpTion (which occurs concomitantly) leads fc aeldoss which is a very serious sloe effect of the drug. VI. Phosphate reabsorpTion Phosphate can be reabsorted by the proximal tubute alone The reabsorplion is active. Parathyroid hormone (see chap Vl3) depresses the reateorption vll Potassium About 28 gms of potassium is filtered per day and practically the whole amount is reabsorbed by the proximal tu­bule The potassium which is present in the urine comes form secretion by the distal segment K+ therefore suffer bidirectional transport Vlll. Urea, Uric acid Only about 10% of The filTered load of uric acid is excreted Proximal Tubule is The site of leaoscrption, the reabsorplion being inhibited by The drug probenecid. For further details of uricosurtc drugs and mode of action of probenecid, see 'punne metabolism' (chap 13. sec Vll) [In some persons, unc acid crystallizes in the urinary tract and forms uric acid stones in the kidney Several drugs increase urinary excretion of urit acid and are useful for treatment in gout Such drugs are called uricosuric drugs (see, chap 13 sec Vll)] A, large fraction (60%) of the filtered load of urea s re-absorbed and the reabsorption -s dependent on the water reabsorption as explained below. in the proximal tubule, water reabsoiption occurs In huge amount, so that urea concentration of the tubular fluid becomes very high This high concentration of urea sets up a gradent between the tubular fluid ana the peritubular fluid and, therefore, the urea 6 reabsoibed This means.where reabsorption of water is low, the unnary excretion of urea is high Tubulo glcmerularfeedback (TG feed back) When the OFR increases, by means of the TG feed back, the OFR Is brought Back To normalcy. Conversely, when the GFR decreases the TO feed back works n a direction so that The OFR Increases Therefore, this Is another example of homeosbtic mechanism. The filtered load of Cl•. in the region of macula densa relates The feed nack mechanism The details (to some extent speculative) are as follows : rise of GFR more filtered load more C\- reach the zone of macula densa via the Tubular fluid macuta densa cels 'sense' The evcessiveness of Cl- ions nelicits a signal (unich Is perhaps a chemical agent) the signal reaches the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus constnction and hence fal of GFR and The filtered load Conversely, when there is reduction of the filtered load. The fall of Cl- ions of the region of macula densa produces a signal (chemical) which causes trie efferent artenoie from the giomerulus to constrict, causing rise of the OFR and the filtered

All Na+ lons thus reabsorbed are ultmately reabsorbed into the blood of the peritubuiar. capillary.

cotransport All Na+ lons thus reabsorbed are ultmately reabsorbed into the blood of the peritubuiar. capillary. The rest of the sodium are absorbed lower down in the nephron. Thus, some 25% of the sodium are reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and early part of distal tubule. Collecting tubule absorbs about 5%. that is, the remaning part of the sodium Loop diuretics, like furosemide, prevent reatsorption of sodium in the ascending Iimb of the loop of Henle. it Is believed, that the ascending limb of the loop of Henle has enough reserve, ie. if required, it can reabsorb even greater bad of sodium] II. Water reabsorplion Proximal tubules are highly permeable to water. As sodium or other sofutes leave the proximal tubute (due to reabsorption) and appear in the pentubulai space, trie local (peritubular space) osmotic tension rses. This causes flow of the water from inside of the tubules to the pentubular spaces. The m igrating water can follow any one of the two routes, viz.: (i) trans cellular and (ii) para cellular (fig. 8.2.2 ) (trans = through the cells, para = by the side of the cells] Fig. 8.2.2 Water reabsorption ill. Glucose reabsorplion In a healthy man, about 0. 9 mole (= 160 cms) of glucose appears as the filtered load (Table 8.2.1) and 100% of It is reabsorbed. The entire reabsorplion occurs in the proximal tubule The reabsoiption is Tm irnrted and the Tmg is about 2 m rnolemin (360 rngmsmin) (See introductory note of this chapter] When tine renal threshold value is exceeded, alycosuria appears, although glucose continues to be reabsorbed till the Tmg value is reached (see spay phenomenon, in Introductory note of this chapter) The absorption of glucose is active and carrier medi­ated. Along with reabsorption of each molecule of glucose one Ion of Na+ also is reabsorbed, this phenomenon is technically spoken as 'reabsorption of glucose is coupled with that of Na*' (The phenomenon is also called cotransport, or symport) The carrier mediated transport of glucose can be inhibited by the glycoside phloridzin (also spelt, 'phloriziin. resulting n 'phlondzin glycosuria' (Recall, In the small intestine also Just as n proximal convoluted tubule. absorption of glucose caused a concomitant absorption of Na*, rig 3.6.3] IV Ammo add reabsoiption Ammo acids are present n the glomerularfiltrate but the entire filtered load is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule The leabsorption is active and, like glucose, linked up with Na* reabsoiption V. Bicarbonate reabsorption IT has been pointed out above That a pal of Na* is reabsorbed by the mechanism called "antport. where Na+ reabsorption is coupled with concomitant reabsoiption of HCO3 and excretion of H+. The whole process will now be discussed (fig. 3 2 3) in delate Fig 8 2.3. Bicarbonate reabsorption CO2 is produced metabolically by the brush border epahelial cells, or may be obtained from the lumen [fig. 8.2 3). The C02 reacts with H20 in presence of xarbonic anhydrase'to farm H2C03 Details of the enzyme "carbonic anhytfrase' has been given elsewhere in this book (see chloride shift, chap 5, sec IV) In short carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme That catalyzes the reaction, H20+ CO2 H2C03 The H2C03 then spits into H+ and HC03 ions The H+ is actively eiitruded Into- the lumen In the lunen, there is abundart NaHCO3. (since NaHC03 is freely filtered into the glomerular filtrate). Huge quantities of HC03 ions are thus filtered per day (Table 8.21). The H+ eluded into the lumen produces the blowing reaction. H++NaHC03 Na++ 1-12C03 The Na* enteis the tubular cell by passive diffusion and then actively pumped out Into the pentubular flukd (fig. 8 2.3} The H2C03 within the lumen, sptts into H20 and CO2

Forex Trading Psychology: What Makes A Successful Forex Trader?

The Forex market has changed through the years, growing in volume and expanding across multiple time zones.
Brokerage houses have changed, too, going online with sophisticated software and powerful servers.
Economic indicators and technical analysis have become more sophisticated, too, until the Forex market of today bears little resemblance to what it used to be.
But there’s one thing that hasn’t changed: most traders lose.
Despite all the advances in the Forex marketplace, the ratio of winners to losers remains low. Experts agree that the most hopeful number that can be advanced is a measly 10%, which means that 90% of all traders on any particular day will lose.
Experts also agree that the reason most traders lose is because they allow their emotions to cloud their judgment.
Most people trade on hope and fear, rather than facts. Rather than basing their trades on what the charts and the indicators actually say, these people trade on what they want them to say. They hang onto a losing trade and follow the graph down, hoping the currency pair will turn around. Or they exit a trade too soon, fearing the trend won’t last, and are satisfied with pennies that even the best Forex money management cannot balance against their losses.
Other people lose through greed, by trying to pick the highs and lows too nicely to maximize their profits to the penny. Rather than waiting to place a trade when the indicators confirm the market’s movement, they jump in too soon and are disappointed when the anticipated break-out never occurs.

) Easy Forex Trading - How to Trade Forex Easily and Profitably!

When an individual would hear the word 'Forex' it is expected that the initial reaction is that it is a complicated and mind-bugling issue to take. Although this is true at some point, it does not actually work always that way especially if an individual is aware of all the prerequisites of the game. Now, to open each eye about easy Forex trading, this article was created.
• It is easy Forex trading since you need not to overdo things. If you are just new on the Forex trading arena then you can begin with making a profit of only a 20 pips. Do not try to add up more, instead study the tactic that you will have to do the next day.
• You need not to waste all your time; it could be spent on 15 minute chart as well as 1 hour chart only.
• The 5 miniature chart is not there so you could waste yourself into. If you spend too much of your time here then it will only distract you in making a good trading decision.
• Easy Forex trading also means not using the complicated MACD to buy and sell since it only arrive the individual to meaningless trades which anyone would see as a waste of time.
• You can make use of trailing stops during times when you unstoppably keep on moving your Forex proceeds just to cover all your losses. Also keep in mind to practice first with the demo before actually dipping your toe on the real scene.
• You can carry out everything that you can probably do in order to protect your cash through the use of 12-15 pips stop in Forex trading. As expected, you will primarily lose 3 out of 10 trades thus is sensible to hinder your losses to a certain percent and always practice proper money management.
• Some would say that is easy Forex trading given that one can rely only on 'gut feel'. This is not an intuition game; this is a real thing since your money is at risk. Being very much dependent on 'gut feeling' will only lead to financial dilemma thus it is best to control your emotions.
• You need to have a precise and detailed log of every good or bad trade that you had before to serve as your guidelines not to make any erroneous decision later on.
• Every people has their personal indicators thus what work for your friend may not always work for you, be unique.
• Indeed, it is definitely an easy Forex trading but in case you cant compose yourself to be serious on what you are doing then there is no point of even starting.
There are other lists of guideline that would present why it is known as easy Forex trading. For the trader, you have to practice and study every step that you make. Be patient and do not just rely on your inkling if you really want to bag the money all the time.

of DMA synthesis (see also discussion, on vrt 012 in chap 1 SBC II, lor explanation)

) This leads to inhibition of cell division which in turn leads lo greater amount of PNA accumulation within the cell (as RNA synthesis has nol been hampered) This means, The cells become bigger than normal and remain immature. This is seen typically in the bane marrow of patients suffering from pernicious anemia and such abnormal cells are ceiled megalobJasts. However, on theoretical grounds such abnormality should be present universally m all the cells of the body, although m practice that is not seen The rnegaLoblasts develop into macrocyles (= bigger cells) which appear in the cirulation FQUC ACID like vif B12, most of the important issues on the folic acid have been discussed in connection with the factors required Tor erythropoiesis [chap II 1) Some additional issues are discussed below In Ihe 1930s Will and her colleagues reported a particular type of megaloblastic anemia occurring in the Hindu (Indian] pregnant women, which was different from pernicious anemia (The classical pemicrous anemia is very rare in India) A new factor, called Wills factor' could cure it Subsequent investigations established thal this Will's factor'was different from the vit B12 and eventually Will's factor was found 10 be folic acid Chemistry and mode of action Folic acid has the following structure (fig 7. 14 6) Fig 7 .14. 6. Monoqlutamale form of folic acid (pteroyl glutamic acid) The structure shown in fig 7. 14 .6. is a monoglutamate form of folic acid This form of folic acid is seen in the blood In the tissues of our body (as well as in the food), folic acids is in polyglulamate form, that is, there are several glutamic acids (upto seven) in a single molecule of folic acid The food polyglutamale form of folic acid is converted into monoglutamate form in the intestine and absorbed Ultimately it (= the monoglutamate form) comes to the tissue where it becomes 5. 10 melhylene fetrahydrofolic acid (5.10. methylene THF). which is required for The DNA synthesis Wnile doing This some 5.10. methylene THF become 5 methyl I tetrahydrofolic acid Vit B12 is required for converting 5 methyl tetrahydrofolic acid into 5.10 methylene THF so that the 5, 10 melhylene THF is regenerated Conclusion is, either lack of food folic acid or vi[ B12 should cause inhibition of DMA synthesis and can cause megaloblastic anemia (see also factors for erythropoiesis. chap II I) Finally, the student should remember a fundamental difference in the clinical feature of folate deficiency which differentiates it self from vit B12 deficiency This is important because the hematological (bone marrow and peripheral blood pictures) features of folate (folic acid) deficiency and B12 deficiency are remarkably identical, only dependable difference being the concentration of vit B12 and folate in blood That is. in pure B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) the blood concentration of vit Bt2 falls whereas that of folate falls in folate deficiency (sea chap 1 sec I! for details) The clinical difference (expected in advanced cases), mentioned above. is as follows in vit B12 deficiency neurological signs may appear due lo degeneration of some tracts of spinal cord Q symptoms and signs include loss of motor as well as sensory (particularly sense of vibration and posmon sense) functions In folate deficiency they do nol appear In a book like this, the probable explanations need not fie discussed VIT C (ASCORBIC ACID) Chemistry Vit C (ascorbic acid) rs water soluble vilamm. The structural formula of ascorbic acrd and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid is given in fig 7 147 note that there is an asymmetric C atom in the molecule

physiologits, the term vn B12 is usually a generic name, which includes several related compounds,

deficiency and interrelationship with fohc acid have been described in connection with factors influencing eryrhropoiesis' (chap I11), and will not be repeated here Only such issues, like chemistry and some other relevani points will be taken up as follows Chemistry and nomenclature The letm vit B12 means different things to drllerent persons In the world of organic ch*mislry. it usually means cyanocobalamm (see below} However to the clinicians /pharmacologists/ physiologits, the term vn B12 is usually a generic name, which includes several related compounds, viz. (1) hydroxocobalamin (somvlimes called vrt b12a), (ii) methyl cobalamin, and (111) 5'deoiyadenosyl cobalamrn Another Type of cobalamm is cyanocobalamin, which was the first form of crystallized vil B12 obtained When eiposed lo light. the cyanocobalamin is automatically convened mlo hydronocobalamm The term wit B12 also includes cyanocobalarnm However, today, in 1992, most authors are using vit B12 and cyafiocobalamin as interchange able terms Dietary vit B12 is usually the 5'deoxy adenoey1 cobalamm. methyl cobalamin it the Form of vrt 612 m which ii circulates m the blood Hydrono cobalamin is (he form which is obtained when other forms of cobalamms are exposed to lighl Besides, Ihe mjectible vrt Bl? also is hydroiio cobalamm A tobalarrin is a compound which contain? two parts, viz. (i) • 'com n1 nucleus having a strong similarity with porphynn, but a cobalt atom lies at the center instead o an iron' atom as in heme and (ii) a nucleotide The names of different cobalamins are sell explanatory, thus hydroiy or methyl ccbalamm means when OH or CH3 group is attached to the cobalt atom A representative structure of cobalemin is shown below (fig. 7 US) Foe her works on ths chemistry of vn B12 Dorothy Hodgkin wis awarded Nobel Pnze in 1964 Fig 7 14 5 Deficiency Lack of vrt B12 causes inhibition

physiologits, the term vn B12 is usually a generic name, which includes several related compounds,

deficiency and interrelationship with fohc acid have been described in connection with factors influencing eryrhropoiesis' (chap I11), and will not be repeated here Only such issues, like chemistry and some other relevani points will be taken up as follows Chemistry and nomenclature The letm vit B12 means different things to drllerent persons In the world of organic ch*mislry. it usually means cyanocobalamm (see below} However to the clinicians /pharmacologists/ physiologits, the term vn B12 is usually a generic name, which includes several related compounds, viz. (1) hydroxocobalamin (somvlimes called vrt b12a), (ii) methyl cobalamin, and (111) 5'deoiyadenosyl cobalamrn Another Type of cobalamm is cyanocobalamin, which was the first form of crystallized vil B12 obtained When eiposed lo light. the cyanocobalamin is automatically convened mlo hydronocobalamm The term wit B12 also includes cyanocobalarnm However, today, in 1992, most authors are using vit B12 and cyafiocobalamin as interchange able terms Dietary vit B12 is usually the 5'deoxy adenoey1 cobalamm. methyl cobalamin it the Form of vrt 612 m which ii circulates m the blood Hydrono cobalamin is (he form which is obtained when other forms of cobalamms are exposed to lighl Besides, Ihe mjectible vrt Bl? also is hydroiio cobalamm A tobalarrin is a compound which contain? two parts, viz. (i) • 'com n1 nucleus having a strong similarity with porphynn, but a cobalt atom lies at the center instead o an iron' atom as in heme and (ii) a nucleotide The names of different cobalamins are sell explanatory, thus hydroiy or methyl ccbalamm means when OH or CH3 group is attached to the cobalt atom A representative structure of cobalemin is shown below (fig. 7 US) Foe her works on ths chemistry of vn B12 Dorothy Hodgkin wis awarded Nobel Pnze in 1964 Fig 7 14 5 Deficiency Lack of vrt B12 causes inhibition

pharmacoiogsts 4 Anticholineterases Priysotigmine (obtaned from the deadry calabar bean of South Africa, (where it used to be used for witch mining)],

Anticholineterases Priysotigmine (obtaned from the deadry calabar bean of South Africa, (where it used to be used for witch mining)], neortgrmine and diisopropyt fluorophosphafc (DFP) are substances which can inactivate the enzyme choine esterae'in the motor end plate and thus can prolong the hfe of ACh Therefore, in small doses, chyostirgnines neostifrmine and DFP can produce strorrg muscubf contraction (spasm), but in greater does, they produce depolarting block Physoeigmne (ewnne) and related drugs are used by the ophthafrnc surgeons to produte povierful pupilIary, (ontuctons where such contrartions are needed (e g glaLEoma. foloAirg atropue adminisiration and soonl DFP a popular agent m me ireatnenl of the disease, myasthenia gravrs ( see below N B it should be understood, however that amough phvsostgrnrie causes pupilary constrlction. the muscles for pupillary constriction are smooth muscles Oiganophosphours id organochloinde compounds. These compounds also can inhiblit choline esterase and can prolong the life of ACh in the motor and plate (depolarizing bbcktrs) Theaa ire the major constltuenis of nerve gas.which might be used as a bic logical weapon in apossible future war Examples of commonly used pesticioes contanng them are tic 20 (organopriasphorus compounds), fondoI (organocrilonde compound) Suicide by the se agents by villagers. who Eommonly nave access to these agents, is common r India 6 Myasthenia grans in ITits disease, which literally means grave weakness of me muscles (myo = muscle. asthena = weakness . gravrs = grave), most of the receptors in the neuronmuscular junctions are absent although the motor end plate are apparently normal or sometimes bigger than normal The release of ACh is normal The absence of the receptors, is due to the fact that a circulating anttody which lulls the receptors, develops in the body. Outstanding simttoms are earfy fatigue of the muscles when repeated contractors are attempted, muscular weatoess and even frank neuromuscular Varamission block Besides. DFP. as staled above, heavy dose of cortisol (in the hope of destroying the antibody) is also used for treatment 7 Muscle reLnants Durrg surguil Opferations in the abdomen, muscles should be satistactorily related. as this helps adequate re tiaction of the abdominal wound This, of course can be achieved by deepening me level of anesthesia, but this rs not prefened An artomathe procedure is to use Vie muscle relananfc which (bv ditTerenl mechanisms) can produce a neurorruscular block so mai the tone of all the sketelal muscles (including the muscles of respration) are reduced without using a heavy dO$e Of aneslhesn As can be understood, possiblitly of the respiratory paralysis hat to be guarded agamst recall, me enzyme destoysACh SUMMARY A HIOHUOKTS Onder Ight microscopes, some diflences are seen between skeletal and cardiac muscles, but EM fetfurts ind merhanism of cortractron ualed ratchat or sliding theory) of these two types of muscles are remarkably smilar. Contratlite 0emants are, (i) myosin. and (2) acbn when an AP develops on sarcotemma more ftee Ca++ iors become available within the cytosd of muscle ceil uncovering of the active sites of the actin molecules attachment of the myosin heads into the active sites, occur Now, these heads Totals-x actin filament moves forward (towards the Hzone) the head deattaches -»agam leatlathes lo a new active site and so the sarcomere length reduces and the muscle as a whole shoiteis ATPs are required for The rtation ana deattachment of The heads Neuromuscular Iransmtie is ACh vvhen an AP develops in the motor nerve released from the nerve terminal EPP develops on the post lunctional merricraneif it tneEPP) is of sufficient magnitude, an AP of the muscle develops contraction occurs
omusdJar transmssion can be abolished by auccinyt cholme (depaiarizing, blocter. a twitch followed by pararysis)] curare {(competitive antagonist, not twitch before the paralysis] and so on. 1. Introductory 2. Iratruments for study.3. Some commonly usea terms The properties A

As a result there is no neuromusrulat bansmission (transmssion failure'or neuromuscular block) and warysis of the affected mus

development of depolarization. remains in a state of depolarization for a longer tirne During this stale, the muscle fiber although deplarized remains in a state of relaxation tocauss then is no bar to regan relation (which is a mechanic event) from contraction Or in other words, the muscle fiber is, in this phase, although in a relaxed state, is refractory to any stimulus (because it is in a depoliflztd state. to develop another twitch, the muscle must be repolaraed or reprimed' and then again depolarized) and hentce it is lated that succinyl choline causes neuromuscular block after an initial twich(Recalthat for each single contraction, an nedividual AP must develop) Such blocks are called depoarizing block 'succiny choling is used by the anesthesists as a muscle relaxant 2 Botuirum toxin This Toxin, obtained from the bacteia. Clauslriddum batult num. prevents the release of ACh from the nerve terminal As a result there is no neuromusrulat bansmission (transmssion failure'or neuromuscular block) and warysis of the affected must te occurs Bolulinurn toxin has agreat potential as a future chemical(blological) war weapon Only some 200gms of this toxin canape out an hirnan Iives from the earth The toxin can concervably be mated up with The nver water and thus trie devastations can be produced 3 Curare The deadly Souti American arrowhead poision, curare or its active printiple, d-tubocurarine (an alkaloid), can tombne with the motor end plat receptor but does not depolarize the post junctiona! membrane ( ie. acts an ACh receptor blocter) As it remains combined with the receptor, ACh molecules cannot combine, as the receptor surfac es are ailoctuped by the d-fubcurarine motecles and as a result. the normal neuromuscular transmission is blocked, death occurs due to respiratory pararyse (due to neuromuscular block setting In diaprhtagm and other respiritory mustlesj Curare and Tne related drugs are tierefort, calBd comcenve antagonsts d-rubocuianne may also be used as a muscle reiaxant in anesthesiology The drug gallamine also behaves like tubocurarine It should be understood that bebween some 75 to 90% or the receptor molecules must be blocked by tubocurarlne or galtamtne before neuromuscular blocking (an be ensured Bungaratoxin. a Chemical obtained from vernn of some species of deatly snakes, also combines with the receptor and this combination is irreversible Bungarotoxin is used extensively by experimental phyooiogiste/

Rupee rises by 13 paise to 48.21 a dollar in early trade

At the Interbank Foreign Exchange (Forex) market, the domestic unit appreciated by 13 paise to 48.21 a dollar. The rupee yesterday closed higher by 7 paise at 48.34/35 a dollar.
Dealers said hopes of increased capital inflows by foreign funds in line with better trends in the other Asian equity markets and dollar's weakness against other currencies mainly supported the Indian rupee.
However, sustained dollar demand from oil refiners for month-end requirements capped rupee's gains, they added.

Forex Market Commentary - July 31, 2009

EUR/USD closed higher due to short covering on Thursday as it consolidates some of Wednesday's decline but remains below the 20-day moving average crossing. The high-range close sets the stage for a steady to higher opening on Friday. Stochastics and the RSI are bearish signalling that sideways to lower prices are possible near-term. If it extends this week's decline, the reaction low crossing is the next downside target. Closes above the 10-day moving average crossing would temper the near-term bearish outlook in the market.
USD/JPY closed lower on Thursday as it extends the decline off this month's high. The low-range close sets the stage for a steady to lower opening on Friday. Stochastics and the RSI remain bearish signalling that sideway to lower prices are possible near-term. If it extends the decline, the reaction low crossing is the next downside target. Closes above the 20-day moving average crossing are needed to confirm that a short-term low has been postedGBP/USD closed higher due to short covering on Thursday as it consolidates some of Wednesday's decline but remains below the 20-day moving average crossing. The high-range close sets the stage for a steady to higher opening on Friday. Stochastics and the RSI are bearish signalling that sideways to lower prices are possible near-term. If it extends this week's decline, the reaction low crossing is the next downside target. Closes above the 10-day moving average crossing would temper the near-term bearish outlook in the market.
DJI closed sharply higher on Thursday renewing this month's rally. The mid-range close sets the stage for a steady to higher opening on Friday. Stochastics and the RSI are overbought but remain neutral to bullish signalling that sideways to higher prices are possible near-term. SPI closed higher on Thursday as it extends this month's rally. The mid-range close sets the stage for a steady to higher opening on Friday. Stochastics and the RSI are overbought but remain neutral to bullish signalling that sideways to higher prices are possible near-term. NDI closed sharply higher on Thursday renewing this month's rally. The mid-range close sets the stage for a steady to higher opening on Friday. Stochastics and the RSI are

Canada to auction C$3.5 bln bonds due 201

Neither the Subscriber nor Thomson Reuters warrants the completeness or accuracy of the Service or the suitability of the Service as a trading aid and neither accepts any liability for losses howsoever incurred. The content on this site, including news, quotes, data and other information, is provided by Thomson Reuters and its third party content providers for your personal information only, and neither Thomson Reuters nor its third party content providers shall be liable for any errors, inaccuracies or delays in content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon.
Aug. 5 a total of C$3.5 billion
($3.2 billion) of government of Canada bonds with a coupon of
2.0 percent and maturing on Sept. 1, 2012.
The bonds will be issued on Aug. 10. The bank said it would
buy a minimum of C$175 million of the bonds.
($1=$1.08 Canadian)
(Reporting by Jennifer Kwan; editing by Rob Wilson)
((jennifer.kwan@thomsonreuters.com; +1 416 941 8178

Global forex market daily volumes slump in downturn

The BoE survey results are mirrored in a similar survey released at the same time by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It said that overall trading volumes in the US had fallen by 31 per cent in the six months to April to total $US527 billion ($639bn).
"Declines in average daily volume were broad based and were reported across all currency pairs, instrument types, counterparty types, and execution methods," the New York Fed's Foreign Exchange Committee said.
The decline takes volumes back to the lowest level since October 2005, the committee added.
Britain and the US jointly account for around a half of global currency trading flows.
Meanwhile, average daily foreign exchange turnover in the Tokyo market decreased 16 per cent to $US254.2bn in April compared with a year earlier, the Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market Committee

Global forex market daily volumes slump in downturn

THE foreign exchange market has shown fresh signs of shrinking, with committees hosted by key central banks around the world showing a sharp contraction in average daily flowsSemiannual data from the Bank of England's Foreign Exchange Joint Standing Committee showed that foreign exchange turnover in Britain -- which accounts for around a third of all global flows -- stood at an average of $US1.356 trillion a day in April this year.
That marks a 20 per cent decline from levels seen in the previous survey, which tracked trading volumes in October 2008.
The committee said spot currencies trading -- the most basic end of the foreign exchange market -- accounted for a large part of the market's decline, posting a 28 per cent fall in volumes.
KEY CURRENCY TABLES

Things to know about forex trading software

If you want to earn great money from foreign exchange market, there is range of software available depending upon your requirements. Software programs have features that help you mint good money from forex trading.
Software packages when tried on demo accounts give you a clear idea of good software packages. You might not be satisfied with the package your broker provides and might want to go on with another package and to suffice this need there is array of software available. With a boost in online forex trading, many traders are looking up to trading software to enhance possibilities of a good earning from the forex market.
Forex market is highly volatile and dynamic so the trader needs to be experienced enough to know and understand all the moves of the market. Or, he can gain experience with the use of forex trading software which helps him enhance his knowledge by allowing him practice on demo accounts. For a trader it is very essential that he understands market trends only then can he be able to successfully deal with various market situations.
For this the software proves as real help. Though, the software is easy to use and handle, yet he can take guidance from forex software review. Reviews help him gain better understanding of a good profit-making software. If the trader chooses wrong software, it will boomerang for sure, as it is programmed to identify and close deals on its own. And the wrong software might jut prove detrimental for the trader’s success by leaving him in debt. So, the trader should make conscious thoughtful decision of choosing software that not only ensures profit but assists the trader in learning the tactics of trade.
Besides the software, if the trader gains a deep understanding of forex trading strategies, he can earn really well. Trading strategies are essentially important for any business and the forex market requires it all the more from the trader.
Currency trading is a risky venture and the trader who jumps in the field should know this! Success depends on the trader himself. Therefore, he needs to make judicious decision on entering the trade. Currency trading software is really helpful for both the new and the experienced trader. It helps the trader understand the market trends, read charts and diagrams and enhances his skill in analyzing and predicting market trends. So, pick up the software that will help you succeed in the forex market.

Tata Motors is largely dependent on commercial vehicle sales,

“Since Tata Motors is largely dependent on commercial vehicle sales, for the margin to improve significantly, there has to be a major contribution from CVs,” he said.
Centrum Broking’s auto analyst Mahantesh Sabarad said the company’s volume outlook was looking better. “We expect a margin pressure in the next quarter coming from its new range of products such as the Nano, World truck and the Indigo Prima,” he said.
Tata Motors, under its new MD Prakash Telang, increased reach across the country and introduced new products and variants, which helped volumes, except in the heavy truck segment. Of late, this segment too has witnessed increased activity, thanks to a government stimulus package and infrastructure initiatives such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNRM) initiatives.
Tata Motors’ domestic sales at 122,120 vehicles saw a marginal decrease of 1.4% over the corresponding quarter while exports at 5,220 vehicles continued to be severely impacted (-43%) in the wake of continuing volatile global environment. Total sales fell 4.3% to 1.27-lakh vehicles.
Tata Motors vice-chairman Ravi Kant said the company was most affected in South Africa, Middle East, Russia and Turkey. “We expect a recovery in the July-September quarter,” Mr Kant said.
A $1.1-billion loan (around Rs 5,280 crore at current exchange rates) contracted by the company to buy Jaguar and Land Rover, has taken Tata Motors’ debt to $850 million (Rs 4,080 crore). The $2.3-billion (Rs 11,040 crore) acquisition cost of the UK-based luxury brands pushed the company to its first consolidated loss in at least seven years.

The first quarter showed signs of improvement after a period of slow sales,” Tata Motors CFO C Ramkrishnan told reporters at a conference in Mumbai. “

The first quarter showed signs of improvement after a period of slow sales,” Tata Motors CFO C Ramkrishnan told reporters at a conference in Mumbai. “There was also a marked improvement in operating margins, mainly due to better cost efficiencies and an improvement in prices of certain products,” he added.
Tata Motors was also able to benefit from a recent government-approved relaxation in accounting norms that deferred the treatment for forex losses.
Under the new norms, the company’s notional exchange loss in the first quarter fell to Rs 5.54 crore, compared with Rs 162 crore in the previous year. The rules were relaxed to help companies on mark-to-market losses on foreign currency loans, in a market deeply affected by a volatile forex market.

Tata Motors net races 58% despite sales dip

The first quarter showed signs of improvement after a period of slow sales,” Tata Motors CFO C Ramkrishnan told reporters at a conference in Mumbai. “There was also a marked improvement in operating margins, mainly due to better cost efficiencies and an improvement in prices of certain products,” he added.
Tata Motors was also able to benefit from a recent government-approved relaxation in accounting norms that deferred the treatment for forex losses.
Under the new norms, the company’s notional exchange loss in the first quarter fell to Rs 5.54 crore, compared with Rs 162 crore in the previous year. The rules were relaxed to help companies on mark-to-market losses on foreign currency loans, in a market deeply affected by a volatile forex market.

Tata Motors net races 58% despite sales dip

Tata Motors, whose portfolio stretches from the marque Jaguar to the world’s June quarter, on the back of share sales in a sTata Motors, whose portfolio stretches from the marque Jaguar to the world’s June quarter, on the back of share sales in a sister concern and new accounting norms that offset forex losses.
The flagship firm of the steel-to-software Tata Group said its standalone profit for its first quarter of the year rose to Rs 514 crore, from Rs 326 crore a year ago, even as revenues dipped 8% to Rs 6.404 crore because of weaker sales of its mainstay heavy trucks.
Of this, Rs 318 crore came from the sale of 11-million shares of Tata Steel to parent Tata Sons. An average of four analysts’ forecasts estimated India’s largest commercial vehicle maker’s net profit at Rs 100 crore, as the street factored the tight liquidity conditions and high raw material costs. Shares of Tata Motors rose 0.3% to close at Rs 374.10 on the Bombay Stock Exchange on Monday. ister concern and new accounting norms that offset forex losses.