Non-opaque calculi have a high density in CT scanning.

calculi have a high density in CT scanning. 8. Magnetic resonance imaging - useful for differentiating tumours from cysts. 9. Antegrade and relrograd0e pyelography - are used to identify site of ureteric obstruction or to demonstrare small lesions in The collecting system, pelvis or ureter mainly when they have not been shown adequately by other techniques. 10. Renal arteriogfaphy -if IVU is negative and bleeding seems to have originated in kidney. Seleclive catheterization of renal artery and injection of contrast medium into the vessel leads to greatly improved visualization ol the smaller 7. CT scan - for demonstration of renal and bladder rumours. Non-opaque intra-renal arterioles. This selective technique is of most value in diflerential diagnosis of renal masses 11. Additional investigations - (a) Serum calcium and phosphorus to exclude hyperparainyroidism wilh urinary calculi (b) Serum acid phosphatase Elevated in carcinoma of prostate associated with metastases. (c) Prostatic biopsy - when prostatic carcinoma is suspected (d) Prostatlc exfoliative cytology - Examination of prostatic fluid obtained by prostatic massage may show malignant cells. (e) Renal biopsy - in patients with recurrent haematuria in whom IVU and cystoscopy are normal and urine shows proteinurla, red cell casts and impaired renal function and raised serum IgA concentraion. 3. GLOMERULAP DISEASES Definition. A group of diverse entities. Including, but not limited to glomerular inflammation (glomerulonephritis) Structural.