impulses cause the continence (i.e relaxation of tne detrusor and contraction of the sphincter). When the bladder is filled

impulses cause the continence (i.e relaxation of tne detrusor and contraction of the sphincter). When the bladder is filled, the micturition reflex is initiated and now the maintenance reflex is overcome so that evacuation of bladder can occur applied physiology 1. Automatic bladder. From theoretical consideration it can be magined that when the spinal center is intact, the peripheral nerves supplying the bladder, as well as the bladder muscles, are healthy, but the connection between the higher (= cortical) and spinal centers are lost (or not developed), the bladder will be automatic, that is, whenever the filling of the bladder will reach a required point, the micturition reflex will be set up and evacuation will result, no matter whether it is convenient or inconvenient to pass urine Such a situation, i. e. automatic bladder, develops in a particular stage (phase) of transaction of spinal cord (for details, see chap. 8, sec. XD). In the Infants also, the higher control is not satisfactorily developed and so the evacuation of bladder is rather automatic. Retention Retention of urine in the bladder may be due to anatomical or functional reasons. Common anatomical causes are, (I) enlarged prostate (enlargement may be benign or cancerous) mechanically obstructng the urethral canal and (ji) stricture of the urethra (the stricture may be due to gonorrheal) infection). Functional causes are very commonly due to nervous system disorders. Thus, in the spinal shock (ch. 8, sec. XD) and in the initial phases of hemiplegia, the urine accumulates on and the bladder becomes distended and yet the bladder does not evacuate itself. Both in the spinal shock and earty stage of hemiplegia. spinal centers remain in a state of functionlessness for a variable period When they begin to regain funcbon, the function of the sphincter returns earlier than the detrusor, causing the retention. Effects of emotion it has been already stated that as the urine accumulates more and more, up to a certain stage, the detrusor relaxes so that pressure within the bladder does not rise and the desire for micturition does not develop. However, when a subject is excited or becomes anxious, the ability ofthe detrusor to relax is reduced and the desire for micturition develops even when the bladder contains only small quantity of urine. As a result frequency of urination can develop (e. g. in a panicky person). Effects of pregnancy Pregnancy causes a remarkable loss of tone of the detrusor muscle As a result, the pressure within the bladder remains low even when the volume of urine within it is quite high, and the desire to micturate does not occur. During urination, such bladder may not be completely emptied. The continued presence of residual urine may cause bacterial Infection which is rather common in pregnancy. Plainly, it is somewhat a3dn to the receptive relaxation of the stomach. 1. Functional anatomy: the two types of skin Appendages microscopic anatomy of the skin hairs sweat glands. Sebaceous glands color of the skin nails. 2. Functions of the skin